![]() ![]() This shape may have been largely driven by civil engineering issues, particularly if the designers were unwilling, or unable to acknowledge Prosser's guidelines. Local vortices may sometimes be suppressed by ‘add-on’ fixes. However, it is the sump shape itself that dictates the macroscopic features of the flow and the effects of such microscopic changes are not often useful. The best insurance against such problems is to conduct model testing of the sump before it is built. In Flow Induced Vibrations, 2008 Vibrations and pulsations in hydraulic turbine draft tubes Model tests may also be used to help correct problems which otherwise seem intractable. Vibrations and pressure pulsations in hydraulic turbine draft tubes may arise under partial load operation. In general, the central and circumferential parts of the flow that enters a draft tube from a runner are swirling as a forced vortex and a free vortex, respectively.
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